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we do about the ocean depths. Yet the deep sea is not a habitat fully separated from the surface; it is already undergoing dramatic changes in response to warmer water, ocean acidification and environmental [...] the so-called mid-oceanic ridges – volcanically active mountain chains that usually extend one to three kilometres above the seafloor and can be found in all (of) the world’s oceans. With a total length [...] standards. For another, food is harder to come by. The central Arctic Ocean is largely covered with ice and – unlike the Antarctic’s Southern Ocean – surrounded by landmasses. Exchanges with the Atlantic and Pacific

Stefan Hendricks) The Arctic Ocean Unlike at the southern tip of the planet, in the High North there is no continent, only an ocean. These waters, also known as the Arctic Ocean, extend to the northern coasts [...] Arctic Ocean is the smallest in the world. Moreover, it’s not particularly deep: just 987 metres on average, though 5,669 metres at its deepest point. Its only deep-sea connection to other oceans lies in [...] freshwater is flowing into the Arctic Ocean. This freshwater lies like a lid atop the deeper, saltier water layers. As a result, fewer nutrients from the ocean’s depths rise to the surface, while less

and carbonate preservation in the deep ocean and the impact of ocean acidification on the ocean. Figure 8: Calculated aragonite solubility in the Atlantic ocean along the A16 line (data: Carina database [...] calcite - Liebig’s law and nutrient limitation Climate change - Basics of ocean acidification and deoxygenation - Heat content of ocean Survey planning and operation at sea Health and Safety at Sea 17 Student [...] Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) and funded through the Nippon Foundation and ATLANTOS. The scientific programme in 2019 is based on Ocean and Climate interactions and is designed