of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea-ice melt and affecting sea-ice and upper-ocean ecosystems. Radiation fluxes through summer sea ice in the Arctic [...] energy fluxes through Arctic sea ice Arndt and Nicolaus ( 2014, TC; doi:10.5194/tc-8-2219-2014 ) In this study, we quantify solar shortwave fluxes through sea ice for the entire Arctic during all seasons [...] of melt onset and the correct classification of ice types. Radiation fluxes through Arctic sea ice Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption Nicolaus et al. ( 2012

O pen A ccess Hydrology and Earth System Sciences O pen A ccess Discussions Ocean Science O pen A ccess O pen A ccess Ocean Science Discussions Solid Earth O pen A ccess O pen A ccess Solid Earth Discussions [...] on snow may have substantially contributed to the rapid warming entailed by sea ice loss in the Arctic (Hansen et al., 2005). Concerning the global distribution of carbonaceous aerosols, there is a major [...] ments indicate a geographical gradient of atmospheric BC concentrations from South Pole to Southern Ocean with min- imum BC concentrations at South Pole (around 0.65 ng m−3, Bodhaine, 1995), slightly increasing

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

(but opposite in sign) as the oceanic component today suggests that ocean uptake of 14CO2 today is close to natural pre-bomb conditions. However, if we extrapolate the oceanic component of the global 14CO2 [...] 14C values in the surface ocean by +15 in the north and by -15 in the circum- Antarctic ocean after the WOCE survey (and interpolating this adjustment linearly between the Arctic and Antarctica), (iii) changed [...] biosphere are indispensable. Over the ocean, in addition to long-term, regionally resolved monitoring, also surface ocean water 14C measurements to determine the ocean–atmosphere 14C disequilibrium are needed

SF6 record Our SF6 observational network data comprise: (1) long- term data records from Alert (Arctic), Izaña (sub-tropics, Tenerife Island), Cape Grim (Tasmania, Australia), and Neu- mayer (Antarctica) [...] (Antarctica), (2) two meridional profiles collected in November 1990 and November 1993 over the Atlantic Ocean (50◦ N to 68◦ S), (3) regular vertical aircraft pro- files over the Rhine Valley (Germany), Syktyvkar [...] Observations at the four globally distributed stations and along meridional transects over the Atlantic Ocean show relatively uniform SF6 mixing ratios north of 30◦ N, and south of about 15◦ S. A nearly linear

depleted layers in the Arctic and Antarctic, some Antartica the Arctic is proned to massive intru- sions of anthropogenic emissions during polardistinct differences were revealed: In the Arctic the ozone depleted [...] air masses were transported across the marine, ice-covered regions of the central Arctic and the South Atlantic Ocean. These comparable observations in both polar regions suggest a similar ozone destruction [...] 1988;It has been found that the Arctic spring is Oltmans et al., 1989). This phenomenon could becharacterised by a pronounced variability of sur- observed at several Arctic sites like Barrow, Alaskaface

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

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