of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea-ice melt and affecting sea-ice and upper-ocean ecosystems. Radiation fluxes through summer sea ice in the Arctic [...] energy fluxes through Arctic sea ice Arndt and Nicolaus ( 2014, TC; doi:10.5194/tc-8-2219-2014 ) In this study, we quantify solar shortwave fluxes through sea ice for the entire Arctic during all seasons [...] of melt onset and the correct classification of ice types. Radiation fluxes through Arctic sea ice Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption Nicolaus et al. ( 2012

SF6 record Our SF6 observational network data comprise: (1) long- term data records from Alert (Arctic), Izaña (sub-tropics, Tenerife Island), Cape Grim (Tasmania, Australia), and Neu- mayer (Antarctica) [...] (Antarctica), (2) two meridional profiles collected in November 1990 and November 1993 over the Atlantic Ocean (50◦ N to 68◦ S), (3) regular vertical aircraft pro- files over the Rhine Valley (Germany), Syktyvkar [...] Observations at the four globally distributed stations and along meridional transects over the Atlantic Ocean show relatively uniform SF6 mixing ratios north of 30◦ N, and south of about 15◦ S. A nearly linear

depleted layers in the Arctic and Antarctic, some Antartica the Arctic is proned to massive intru- sions of anthropogenic emissions during polardistinct differences were revealed: In the Arctic the ozone depleted [...] air masses were transported across the marine, ice-covered regions of the central Arctic and the South Atlantic Ocean. These comparable observations in both polar regions suggest a similar ozone destruction [...] 1988;It has been found that the Arctic spring is Oltmans et al., 1989). This phenomenon could becharacterised by a pronounced variability of sur- observed at several Arctic sites like Barrow, Alaskaface

O pen A ccess Hydrology and Earth System Sciences O pen A ccess Discussions Ocean Science O pen A ccess O pen A ccess Ocean Science Discussions Solid Earth O pen A ccess O pen A ccess Solid Earth Discussions [...] on snow may have substantially contributed to the rapid warming entailed by sea ice loss in the Arctic (Hansen et al., 2005). Concerning the global distribution of carbonaceous aerosols, there is a major [...] ments indicate a geographical gradient of atmospheric BC concentrations from South Pole to Southern Ocean with min- imum BC concentrations at South Pole (around 0.65 ng m−3, Bodhaine, 1995), slightly increasing

(but opposite in sign) as the oceanic component today suggests that ocean uptake of 14CO2 today is close to natural pre-bomb conditions. However, if we extrapolate the oceanic component of the global 14CO2 [...] 14C values in the surface ocean by +15 in the north and by -15 in the circum- Antarctic ocean after the WOCE survey (and interpolating this adjustment linearly between the Arctic and Antarctica), (iii) changed [...] biosphere are indispensable. Over the ocean, in addition to long-term, regionally resolved monitoring, also surface ocean water 14C measurements to determine the ocean–atmosphere 14C disequilibrium are needed

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

the ocean at multiple scales. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 673–684. Tellus 63B (2011), 5 25-YR AEROSOL RECORDS AT COASTAL ANTARCTICAL IONIC COMPOUNDS 919 Simó, R. and Dachs, J. 2002. Global ocean emission [...] comprehensive review the pivotal role of chemical proxies in reconstructing the history of the South- ern Ocean and Antarctic climate over the last few millennia. In this context, the most meaningful ionic impurities [...] rine biogenic source of atmospheric MS and nss-SO2− 4 governed by the productivity of the Southern Ocean (Minikin et al., 1998, Preunkert et al., 2008), sea ice as a significant sea salt source (Wagenbach

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