m at Gakkel Ridge of the Central Arctic. Such integrated studies of ultraslow oceanic spreading zones are rare, because the most extensive of these systems, the Arctic Gakkel Ridge and the Southwest Indian

to obtain the respective c-PSC. 3.1.3 Phytoplankton Functional Types from NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model The NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) is a global biogeochemical model with cou- pled circulation [...] Kilias, Estelle, Hardge, K., et al. . 2015. Plankton ecology and biogeochemistry in a changing Arctic Ocean – Overview of long-term 58 Sy-4SciPFT-PVR- SY-4Sci Synergy R & D Study 4: Version 3.3 D2.4-AWI-IUP [...] the Southern Ocean: Mean Patterns, Trends and the Role f Climate Oscillations. Remote Sensing, 8, 420. C. Swan, C., Vogt, M., Gruber, N., Laufkötter, C. 2016. A global seasonal surface ocean climatology

Arctic Ocean
This September, the Arctic sea ice extent has shrunk to 4.1 million square kilometres (sq km)-the second lowest in the history of satellite measurements. It is exceeded only by the all-time [...] all-time record low of 3.4 million sq km in 2012. "Once again, a massive loss of sea ice in the Arctic," says Prof. Lars Kaleschke from Universität Hamburg's Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability

these algae. This also means that the decline of the Arctic sea ice may have far-reaching consequences for the entire food web of the Arctic Ocean. Their results have been published online now in the journal [...] Food web
Algae that live in and under the sea ice play a much greater role for the Arctic food web than previously assumed. In a new study, biologists of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre

Arctic Ocean
More melt water is entering the Artic Ocean from the glaciers due to climbing temperatures. In addition, the rivers are carrying large amounts of sediment from thawing permafrost. How the [...] the Arctic Ocean will react to such changes is a very big question, which is concerning scientists around the world. Researchers from the Alfred Wegener Institute have now published, together with int

/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html. 21 The Arctic Ocean: the variability of the deep and bottom waters Senam Tsei, Ursula Schauer, Wilken-Jon von Appen The Arctic Ocean is one of the Mediterranean seas bordered [...] bordered by the North America, Europe and Russia. The Arctic Ocean is connected to the Atlantic Ocean (through the sides of Greenland) and the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait (Talley et al., 2011). This [...] the German Bight Senam Kofi Tsei: The Arctic Ocean: the variability of the deep waters 5 6 7 Inhalt Molecular species delimitation and distribution of Southern Ocean mysids in the Western Antarctic. ...

observation of ice, ocean and seafloor processes in the Central Arctic. A main aim is to observe and analyse the changes in the sea ice cover, and its causes and consequences for ocean and life.

Transfer in the Ocean Including Inelastic Scattering Processes Using the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Radiative Transfer Model SCIATRAN. Poster presentation at Colour and Light in the Ocean from Earth Observation [...] knowledge on PFT algorithms and ecology to two studies of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel assessing oceanic emissions and the link to specific PFT abundances (Booge et al. 2016, Schlundt et [...] other ocean-colour algorithms, such as standard Chla retrievals (RD-13). The direction for new satellite sensor construction for obtaining high quality PFT products from multi- and hyperspectral ocean colour

Soltwedel, A. Boetius, “FRAM: A multidisciplinary observatory in the North Atlantic - Arctic Ocean transition zone” , Arctic Observing Summit 2014, Helsinki, Finland, 9 April 2014 - 11 April 2014, 2014. hd [...] aircrafts, land-based stations, ice-based stations, moorings, floats, gliders, in-situ ocean floor stations, drones, and ocean floor crawling systems. Archival and publishing in the information system PANGAEA [...] Schroeder, and F. Ziemer, “COSYNA, an integrated coastal observation system for Northern and Arctic Seas”. OCEANS 2009-EUROPE, p. 1-7, 2009. [12] www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sensorml [13] www

player in the global carbon cycle. Ocean colour is also used to study export production: the fraction of primary production that is transported to the deep ocean. Ocean-colour data are also being used i [...] Other applications include studies of cross-domain fluxes and interactions: ocean-atmosphere and land-ocean fluxes of carbon, ocean-cryosphere interactions and climate impact on the polar ecosystems. It must [...] land to oceans and the amount of carbon going to lake sediments is in the same order of magnitude than the flux of carbon from land system to oceans. Because of the fundamental importance of ocean colour