affecting fishing in the Southern Ocean? To FAQ element How can fish survive in the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean? Due to its high salinity, the Southern Ocean’s water doesn’t freeze at zero degrees [...] Southern Ocean. In winter, sea ice up to 1.5 metres thick forms atop the water. Air temperatures over the sea ice can easily reach minus 30 degrees Celsius. Given its high salinity, the ocean’s water only [...] ice? Similar to the Arctic, the Antarctic is home to numerous species that have adapted to life in, on or below the ice. For example, of the six seal species native to the Southern Ocean, only the Antarctic

Coastal permafrost erosion, organic carbon and nutrient release to the arctic nearshore zone (COPER) Permafrost Erosion Arctic permafrost coasts account for 34% of the coasts of the Earth and are extremely [...] matrix upon contact with seawater and are instantly washed away by incoming waves. With warming in the Arctic expected to be roughly two to four times as high as the global mean, sea ice extent is expected to [...] and changes to the nearshore food-web through the release of sediment and organic matter to the ocean. A comprehensive understanding of the processes at work at the local level is nonetheless still lacking

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