deployment of Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) to measure the thermal structure of the upper 1.8 km of the water column. XBT probes were ‘fired’ during the second leg of the cruise when the vessel was [...] mixing at the surface decreases the oxygenation of the lower water masses. Additionally, it decreases the formation of central water, which is subducted from the thermocline. In the case of SACW, the formation [...] deoxygenation of the water mass. This can greatly impact the ventilation of the surrounding water body and the formation rate of the water mass itself. Consequences are the expansion and formation of oxygen minimum

from the shallow region of the English Channel to the Bay of Biscay, the region around the Ampère Seamount, the Cape Verde Islands and further stations in the South Atlantic up to Cape Town. The participants [...] gradually. In the morning of 10 November Polarstern entered the harbour of Las Palmas. The cruise leg PS95.2 started in the afternoon of the same day with the departure from Las Palmas towards the Cape Verde [...] lectures of the work carried out in the previous six days on the evening before and a teaching/learning period on the morning of the transfer where the outgoing groups taught the incoming students. The themes

AABW and AAIW north, the increase in NADW as we move north in the SW Atlantic and its reduction in the Eastern Basin of the Atlantic, and the appearance of MOW in the later part of the transect. Figure 5: [...] for the polar components of the climate system. Since 2009 he is the head of the Climate-Initiative REKLIM (Regional Climate Change) of the Helmholtz Association (HGF), in which nine centres of the HGF [...] leaving the ship, this will take the form of a short report detailing the pre-planning and execution on station of the CTD cast, the results they found and an interpretation of their findings in the context

topographic features of the study site such as the slightly more elevated region in the center of the study area reveal lower FDD. Furthermore, the exposed hillsides of5 the Brooks Range or the coastal zone are [...] pared to the neighboring ones. The Saganavirktok River does not show different FDD than the adjacent areas, despite of the valleys in the foothills of the Brooks Range. In Figure 7 the TDD for the same year [...] important for the performance of the SEB-scheme is the determination of the melt period. Figure 14 displays the melt period metrics for the sample year 2012. It displays the high spatial variation of snowmelt

landmass, sending up to 150 times the flow of all the world’s rivers clockwise around the frozen continent. It connects all the other oceans, and is thought to play a key role in regulating natural climate swings [...] Southern Ocean
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the planet’s most powerful and arguably most important. It is the only one to flow clear around the globe without getting diverted by any landmass [...] swings that have repeatedly swept the earth for millions of years. But much is still not known about how it works, including how it might now respond to human-induced climate change.

concern for the safety. Furtherm ore, the area of the scientific activities is increasing, inside the islands and on the sea, w hich requires a m ajor effort for the w eather forecaster to study the w eather [...] eather of other areas w e are not fam iliar. This im ply also the know ledge of w eather in-situ. The activities on the sea (sam pling of m arine flora and w ildlife) are increasing m ore and m ore in the last [...] ith resolutions of 10’s to 100’s of m eters. Forecasting is the greatest challenge and identified need. H igh quality observations are required to better understand the base state of the ice environm ent

visited them in winter. We’ll be north of the 80 th parallel the entire time, and for much of it, we’ll even be in the direct vicinity of the North Pole, above the 87 th parallel. That’s so far north that [...] for other parts of the world. For the first time, we’ll repeat his expedition with a large and well-equipped research vessel. From the heart of the Central Arctic, we’ll be using the world’s top measuring [...] itut) What will the different phases of the expedition look like? In the Central Arctic there’s only the ocean, which is covered by a sheet of ice. And it’s that force of nature – the ice sheet – that

Eva-Maria Brodte, AWI Physics of the Climate System Prof. Peter Lemke, AWI The Physics of the Climate System “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are [...] to contribute to the progress of knowledge of the great ocean while developing its potential for the good of the planet and human beings and on the other hand to arouse the interest of African populations [...] results which helped the regional government to better understand the biology of the species, and the dynamics of the natural bank. The information generated was of great value for the local government, which

internationally. All of this will be supported by a more strategic and dynamic integration of the Program and partners at the level of the RF E&E, of the Helmholtz Association as well as in the national, European [...] ocean system from the seafloor to the atmosphere. Atmosphere and Climate: The main objective of this Program was to gain a better understanding of the role of the atmosphere in the climate system. For this [...] Observatory of the Study of Arctic Climate MOSES Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems, an observing system of the Helmholtz Asso- ciation and a CTA of the RF E&E MoU Memorandum of Understanding

collected material to answer the raised questions about origin and development of this plateau and its role as an obstacle for the deep circulation in late Cretaceous times and the Tertiary. This successful [...] nces/geophysics/research-focus/gateways-of-the-southern-ocean.html www.awi.de/en/science/geosciences/geophysics/research-focus/gateways-of-the-southern-ocean.html www.awi.de/forschung/ [...] possible by the extraordinary support of Captain Meyer and his crew. On deck we got excellent help during deployment, securing and retrieval of our equipment, the engineers made sure that the vessel moved