North. Arctic Council https://arctic-council.org/en/ The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic Indigenous [...] the Arctic play in the Earth system? What characterizes the Arctic environment? What changed in the Arctic over the last decades? What is permafrost? How does thawing permafrost affect the Arctic environment [...] permafrost connects to the Arctic climate explain how the Arctic residents and economy depend on the Arctic environment the relationship between the Arctic environment and especially permafrost assess the

the thickness of the Arctic sea ice is steadily declining and meltwater pools are increasingly forming in summer, covering large areas of the Arctic sea ice, both the ice and the ocean below absorb more solar [...] between the ocean and atmosphere sea ice modulates the flow of energy, kinetic force, salt, moisture and trace gases between the two components. Though our knowledge of the sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic [...] data are needed in order to validate our computer models and depict the realities of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic as precisely as possible using computers. If we succeed in this detail work, we’ll

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learning and deep learning for permafrost region remote sensing applications Remote sensing of Arctic Ocean Color Upscaling of permafrost region field measurements with remote sensing Generating permafrost

Long-Term Ecological Research in the deep Arctic Ocean The marine Arctic has been an integral part of the history of our planet over the past 130 million years and contributes significantly to the present [...] state of the atmosphere depend to a significant extent on arctic marine processes. The past decades has seen remarkable changes in the Arctic, of which we do not know whether these represent temporary [...] and biotic parameters in a transition zone between the northern North Atlantic and the central Arctic Ocean, the Alfred Wegener Institute established the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) observatory

for the Atlantic Ocean. Ecological Modelling, 221, 1472–1483. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.02.014 5. Gregg, W. W. & Casey, N. W. (2007). Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans. Deep Sea Research [...] of SynSenPFT products were developed for specific Longhurst biogeochemical provinces [6] Atlantic Arctic - ARCT, North Atlantic Drift - NADR, Pacific Equatorial Divergence - PEQD, Indian Monsoon Gyres - [...] (PSC) Chl-a concentration of [4], Size Factor (Sf) of [3] and PFT Chl-a concentration from the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) of [5]. The model of [4], using global parameters from [7], was used to

for the Atlantic Ocean. Ecological Modelling, 221, 1472–1483. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.02.014 5. Gregg, W. W. & Casey, N. W. (2007). Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans. Deep Sea Research [...] of SynSenPFT products were developed for specific Longhurst biogeochemical provinces [6] Atlantic Arctic - ARCT, North Atlantic Drift - NADR, Pacific Equatorial Divergence - PEQD, Indian Monsoon Gyres - [...] (PSC) Chl-a concentration of [4], Size Factor (Sf) of [3] and PFT Chl-a concentration from the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) of [5]. The model of [4], using global parameters from [7], was used to

Piel (top) 34 Arctic coasts in retreat A number of things are happening at the same time in the Arctic: sea ice is melting, permafrost is thawing, storms are getting more violent and the ocean water warmer [...] perate latitudes. Changes in the Arctic weather can also have a substantial impact on the global climate, not least of all because of the shear ex- panse of the Arctic coastal region. The northern seaboard [...] in the temperate lati- tudes, the coasts of the Arctic are well protect- ed from wave action from November through to May due to the presence of Arctic sea ice. In the summer months, however, waves can

Soltwedel, A. Boetius, “FRAM: A multidisciplinary observatory in the North Atlantic - Arctic Ocean transition zone” , Arctic Observing Summit 2014, Helsinki, Finland, 9 April 2014 - 11 April 2014, 2014. hd [...] aircrafts, land-based stations, ice-based stations, moorings, floats, gliders, in-situ ocean floor stations, drones, and ocean floor crawling systems. Archival and publishing in the information system PANGAEA [...] Schroeder, and F. Ziemer, “COSYNA, an integrated coastal observation system for Northern and Arctic Seas”. OCEANS 2009-EUROPE, p. 1-7, 2009. [12] www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sensorml [13] www

Europe? What observations in the Arctic and Antarctic are most urgently needed to improve our understanding, models, and predictions of the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean? Storylines and Climate Services [...] day – and it is not the same each day! Consider a summer day somewhere in Europe with an Atlantic ocean breeze, and compare it to a day influenced by winds blowing from the continent. The latter will tend [...] more strongly affected by climate change, simply because the continents warm more strongly than the oceans. Can we be more specific? Yes! By using a climate model in a special way, where the winds are forced