affecting fishing in the Southern Ocean? To FAQ element How can fish survive in the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean? Due to its high salinity, the Southern Ocean’s water doesn’t freeze at zero degrees [...] Southern Ocean. In winter, sea ice up to 1.5 metres thick forms atop the water. Air temperatures over the sea ice can easily reach minus 30 degrees Celsius. Given its high salinity, the ocean’s water only [...] ice? Similar to the Arctic, the Antarctic is home to numerous species that have adapted to life in, on or below the ice. For example, of the six seal species native to the Southern Ocean, only the Antarctic

diversity of the entire plankton community of the Fram Strait (Arctic) is assessed. This data is then applied to forecast future scenarios of Arctic planktonic biodiversity. Recommendations to policy and indicator [...] labs located along the German Baltic Sea. The overall objective is to develop a smart and flexible ocean observation strategy tailored to the specific observation needs of individual stakeholder groups.

Europe? What observations in the Arctic and Antarctic are most urgently needed to improve our understanding, models, and predictions of the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean? Storylines and Climate Services [...] day – and it is not the same each day! Consider a summer day somewhere in Europe with an Atlantic ocean breeze, and compare it to a day influenced by winds blowing from the continent. The latter will tend [...] more strongly affected by climate change, simply because the continents warm more strongly than the oceans. Can we be more specific? Yes! By using a climate model in a special way, where the winds are forced

O values in ice and water samples from the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as the δ 13 C values of dissolved inorganic carbon in the water of the polar oceans. In addition, our laboratories offer the possibility [...] input) and changes in the supply of nutrient silicon and its use in polar and subpolar ocean regions (e.g. Southern Ocean, North Pacific) can be reconstructed on geological time scales. For the measurements [...] Clumped isotopes δ 13 C + δ 18 O (biog. carbonate, foraminifers) Option: clumped isotopes Changes in ocean circulation, nutrient content and deep water ventilation (δ 13 C) Hydrographic changes (δ 18 O, Δ47)

years. AWI climate scientist Prof Judith Hauck coordinated the assessment of the ocean sink for the report. “The oceans have absorbed 29 per cent of total CO2 emissions over the past ten years. This makes [...] hope to help strengthen the visibility of the ocean in the political arena and support a more integrated approach in which climate, biodiversity, and the ocean are understood as inseparable.” Permafrost Similar [...] having an increasingly significant impact on natural sinks and is weakening the important function of oceans and vegetation on land to store CO₂. “The sinks are tremendously important for us as they give us

Observatory to investigate the effects of global warming on the Arctic deep sea. Since 2012, she has been focusing on plastic pollution in the oceans. She has published the reference book 'Marine Anthropogenic

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