strong interannual changes of the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 result in a strong variability of the biospheric uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in GRACE. Since this uptake is assumed in the model [...] decades to centuries). Any prediction of the future atmospheric CO2 burden in view of increasing anthropogenic emissions thus strongly relies on a quantitative understanding of the exchange processes between [...] simulations of all source-sink components of the global carbon cycle through the era of major anthropogenic disturbances (1940–present). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we first pro- vide

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)

dry valleys and on high mountain ranges) and volcanic activity of Mt. Ere- bus. Nowadays, minor anthropogenic emissions, arising from fossil fuel combustion during research and tourism activities, may be [...] heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cd, Cr) can be employed as valu- able tracers for the growing impact of anthropogenic heavy metal emissions for remote Antarctica (Wolff and Suttie, 1994; Wolff et al., 1999; Planchon

Levin (ingeborg.levin@iup.uni-heidelberg.de) 1 Introduction SF6 is an extremely stable mainly anthropogenic gas, having a very high global warming potential of 23 900 (Forster et al., 2007). Traces of SF6 [...] Busenberg, E. and Plummer, N. L.: Dating young groundwater with sulphur hexafluoride: Natural and anthropogenic sources of sul- phur hexafluoride, Water Resour. Res., 36(10), 3011–3030, 2000. Bönisch, H.,

aerosol components (Wagenbach, 1996; Minikin et al., 1998; Preunkert et al., 2007). Nowadays, minor anthropogenic Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. crea [...] Geophys., 26, 89– 112, 1988. Shirsat, S. V. and Graf, H. F.: An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3397–3408,doi:10.5194/acp-9-3397-2009, 2009. Simpson

consist of anthropogenic sulphate par-in the year than in the Arctic. ticles (d’Almeida, 1991), indicating that at least in these cases ozone depletion may have occurred without anthropogenic contamination [...] Platt, 1995; Fan and Jacob, 1992). The influ- At the Koldewey-Station, ozone sondes were ence of anthropogenic pollutants like sulphate launched usually once a week and up to two times aerosols, which can [...] layers in the Arctic and Antarctic, some Antartica the Arctic is proned to massive intru- sions of anthropogenic emissions during polardistinct differences were revealed: In the Arctic the ozone depleted layers

studies showed highly decadal scale BC deposition variabil- ity during the last 150 yr, but an anthropogenic impact could not be assessed (Bisiaux et al., 2012a and b). In this paper we present an analysis [...] and consistent spring / early summer concentration maximum. Nevertheless, with- out much doubt anthropogenic combustion derived emis- sions will perpetually grow around and within continental Antarctica [...] R., and Jacob, D.: Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sul- phur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 2457–2465,doi:10.5194/acp-10-2457- 2010, 2010. Hansen

I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 103 , pp. 86-100 . 2. Soltwedel, T. (2015): Natural variability or anthropogenic induced variation? Insights from 15 years of multidisciplinary observations at the Arctic open-ocean