AS is the (measured) specific radiocarbon activity (in Bq/gC) of the sample, AABS = 0.95·0.238 Bq/gC is the absolute specific activity of the radiocarbon standard (i.e. 95% of the activity of the OxA-I [...] contribution of source/sink process S to the seasonal variation of 14C (14Cseas,2 S , Definition 2) is the sum of the contribution of the seasonal variability of the source/sink S (14Cseas,1 S , Definition [...] seasonal cycle of atmospheric 14C. The larger the horizon- tal (or vertical) 14C difference caused by source/sink process S, the larger the contribution of process S to the component of the 14C seasonal

an estimate of the temporal development of the global SF6 distribution on a latitude – altitude grid, which – when integrated over the entire atmosphere – gives the temporal development of the global atmospheric [...] sinks. A total atmospheric mass of 5.1×1021g of air was used for the source estimates. Note that the inventory refers to the middle of each year, whereas the source refers to the period 1 January–31 December [...] namely the Ministry of Education and Science, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; the German Science Foundation, the German Minister of Environment; the German Minister of Science and Technology; the German

during tropospheric ozone minima. The ticks on the top of the figure mark the starts of the all ozone sondes. sion coincided with the top of the ozone poor air and the mean potential temperature gradient [...] Spitsbergen having been the source region of the 4.2. Source of the ozone-depleted air masses ozone depletion and so the influence of the topo- graphy of Greenland would have been irrelevant.A striking positive [...] to the ambient ozone partial spring. Measurements of the vertical distribution pressure times the rate of the air flow, was meas- of tropospheric ozone during ozone minima by ured continuously. The dependence

findings in the North Sea and start of production Start of the Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea between Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark The member states of the United Nations [...] and therefore of a high ecological, economical and societal value. Two hotspots of biodiversity are the Dogger Bank in the north of the southern North Sea and the Wadden Sea, located along the Dutch, German [...] CLIMATE CHANGE The North Sea Surge is hitting the dunes Tourists on a walk across the mudflats FUTURE 2050 The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean with deep waters in the north and shallow

PCR. On the last day of the course, the scholars will do present the results of the experiments. Learning aim: The course is designed to demonstrate the basics of PCR-based approaches, and the potential [...] What is the spatial distribution of the Argo profiling floats in the Southern Ocean south of Africa? Is the spatial distribution of the Argo profiling floats influenced by the bathymetry or by the surface [...] pressures of human use in the sea; understand the principles of maritime spatial planning, different interpretations of MSP and the strengths and weaknesses of the concept; challenge the principles of MSP with

into the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland. Why are they important? Because information on the past composition of the atmosphere is stored in the ice. Over the decades, layer after layer of snow [...] content, the staff can determine when there were past volcanic eruptions. Another question is how the temperature developed in e.g. the Antarctic hundreds of thousands of years ago. In this regard, the water’s [...] and head of the ice-core drilling group in Bremerhaven. Since they can’t simply turn back the clock, the scientists rely on laborious measuring methods to test the ice cores. These rods of glacier ice

concept for the use of the caught mitten crabs. One goal is to develop a long-term financing concept for the expansion and permanent operation of the traps. Another topic will be the development of the necessary [...] feed on other crustaceans as well. In addition to the growth rate of the animals, we also focus on the digestibility of the feed. The prototype of the trap has been in Belgium since 2019 (Photo: Alfre [...] Successful control of invasive mitten crabs with an innovative trap concept The mitten crab is on the IUCN's list of the world's 100 most dangerous invasive species. In Germany, the crab is found in large

scientific attention in the past. Today, the water column structure of the SO largely prevents pronounced melting of the EAIS. This state may change if the position and strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar [...] focuses on recording the history of the position of the ACC and major SO fronts, the status of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation today and in the past, as well as a range of additional hydrographic [...] series of 3D-distributions in the water column of the Arctic Ocean. The selected stations are based on locations and variables that have been observed in the past. The quasi-synoptic survey of the CAO and

learning more about the ecosystem of the deep and how it reacts to human activities at the surface is indispensable. Antarctic sponge ground (Photo: Luisa Federwisch) The landscapes of the deep sea The deep sea [...] in 150 years of deep-sea research we have only managed to take a closer look at a small fraction of this ecosystem; in fact, we know more about the dark side of the moon than we do about the ocean depths [...] considers all waters beyond the reach of light from the surface to be part of the deep sea. This lightless deep sea encompasses ca. 88 percent of the global oceans and begins at a depth of 200 metres. Consequently

and the response of the various Arctic subsystems to the rigorous climatic changes of the last decades. The northernmost extension of the North Atlantic Current system consists of the circulation of Atlantic [...] integration of the vertical velocity obtained from the LADCP and checked against the 1-second averages of the CTD records. The position was obtained from the navigation files of the ship with the resolution [...] s with the use of bottom landers directly at the sea floor (in situ). To assess and quantify the role of the benthos in the recycling of carbon and to calculate the fluxes of solutes across the sediment