analyses is to determine how much carbon the ocean removed from the atmosphere and stored in its depths in the past. The permanently frozen soils of the Arctic store tremendous amounts of carbon in the form [...] not consumed by marine animals, including dead marine microorganisms, material transported to the oceans by rivers –the particles that trickle down are deposited layer by layer at depth. Ultimately, a unique [...] deposited on the seafloor, leaving clues that enable the AWI geoscientists not only to reconstruct the Arctic’s climate history, but also to understand the role of thawing permafrost in past climate changes.

the impact of the Arctic on global climate. In addition to this major campaign, numerous field work activities take place every year in the mainland Arctic and in the adjacent Arctic Ocean. The coast plays [...] drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate ). From fall 2019 to fall 2020, the German research icebreaker POLARSTERN drifted frozen through the Arctic Ocean. The data collected will be valuable [...] Ecological processes in the terrestrial Arctic: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Herzschuh • Permafrost processes in the Arctic: Prof. Dr. Guido Grosse • Atmospheric processes in the Arctic: Prof. Dr. Markus Rex AWI Research

Arctic sea ice: a chain reaction Dr Thomas Krumpen, sea ice physicist and expert for satellite analyses at the Alfred Wegener Institute. Sea ice Application of satellite data Arctic Ocean IceBird For the [...] AWI are exploring the thickness and surface conditions of Arctic sea ice. We measure both properties in several key regions of the Arctic Ocean with autonomous buoys, on helicopter and aircraft measurement [...] important reference data set on the development of Arctic sea-ice cover worldwide. Those surveys indicate that the thickness of sea ice leaving the Arctic Ocean towards the North Atlantic has steadily decreased

record levels found in Arctic sea ice Find out more > BBC | 24.04.2018 Record concentration of microplastics found in Arctic Find out more > Dialogue & Lectures Policy advice Arctic Monitoring & Assessment [...] in the oceans is a current and growing problem, since every year several million metric tons of plastic find their way from the land to the water. Plastic particles are broken down in the ocean by sunlight [...] Climate change is especially putting the polar regions under pressure. Environmental changes in the Arctic result primarily from the decline in the area of sea ice and the decrease in its thickness, since

the scientists could demonstrate that the Arctic Ocean as well as the Nordic Seas did not contain sea-salt in at least two glacial periods. Instead, these oceans were filled with large amounts of freshwater [...] Geosciences
The Arctic Ocean was covered by up to 900 m thick shelf ice and was filled entirely with freshwater at least twice in the last 150,000 years. This surprising finding, reported in the latest

642-32235-8 Xu, X., M. Werner, M. Butzin, and G. Lohmann, 2013: Oceanic d18O Variation and its Relation to Salinity in the MPI-OM Ocean Model . In: "Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines [...] Werner, K., Lohmann, G., Prange, M. and Stein, R., 2015: Holocene environmental variability in the Arctic Gateway . In: "Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC)". M. Schulz and [...] 2-32235-8 Pfeiffer, M, and G. Lohmann, 2013: The Last Interglacial as Simulated by an Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model: Sensitivity Studies on the Influence of the Greenland Ice Sheet . In: "Earth

Changes in the circulation freshwater between Arctic Ocean and subpolar North Atlantic In RACE we study the variability of the freshwater storage in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar North Atlantic. We use [...] observations and model simulations of the ocean and the sea ice to understand the underlying processes. Here you find the project website . Contact: Dr. Benjamin Rabe (Phys. Oceanography) Prof. Dr. Rüdiger

Underway spectrophotometry in the Fram Strait (European Arctic Ocean): a highly resolved chlorophyll a data source for complementing satellite ocean color. Optics Express Other references: 1. T.F. Stocker [...] “Amplified Arctic warming by phytoplankton under greenhouse warming,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112 (19), 5921-5926 (2015). 3. K.R. Arrigo and G.L. van Dijken, “Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary [...] atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation events in the Canadian Arctic,” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 116 (D17), D00S03 (2011). 7. P. Tunved, J. Ström, and R. Krejci, “Arctic aerosol life cycle:

matter within the rivers and oceans would allow to better assess the export, transformation and fate of tDOM (the largest fraction of dissolved carbon in the Arctic) in the ocean. Colored or chromophoric dissolved [...] supplied by Arctic rivers, which account for more than 10% of the total riverine and terrestrial organic carbon into the global ocean waters (Opshal et al., 1999; Benner et al., 2004). Most of the Arctic outflow [...] outflow and, as a consequence, the total carbon mobilized into the Arctic Ocean, leave the Arctic basin via the Fram Srait, following the East Greenland Current (EGC) and through the Davis Strait within the

remote sensing data alone, as the satellite ocean color algorithms are known to perform poorly at polar latitudes even if developed explicitly for the Arctic waters. Gaps in satellite data, which occur [...] for satellite applications. Ocean Science, 9 (2), pp. 431-445. doi: 10.5194/os-9-431-2013 , hdl:10013/epic.41331 Other references: Antoine, D. and A. Morel (1996). Oceanic primary production: I. Adaptation [...] PhD Thesis Alexandra Cherkasheva 2009-2014 Arctic phytoplankton today deserve special attention as they are already living in waters with most prominent climate change effect, which are shifting towards