observations 2) Permafrost, snow dynamics, and coastal processes Monitor snow distribution, melt timing, and surface hydrology across tundra and coastal environments Quantify permafrost thaw, terrain subsidence [...] ed by airborne surveys using AWI’s Polar 5 and Polar 6 aircraft to observe sea-ice conditions, permafrost disturbances and greenhouse gas fluxes (REVISIT flight campaign). These efforts are combined with [...] Arctic are among the areas experiencing the fastest climate-driven changes worldwide. Thawing permafrost, accelerating coastal erosion, retreating glaciers, and increasing discharge from the Mackenzie