place in the Arctic and Antarctic. Depending on the season, the ice covers greater or lesser parts of the ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean gradually freezes over in the course of the long Polar [...] near the end of winter. At this point, the Arctic Ocean is completely covered in ice from between the coasts of Canada, Alaska and Siberia to the eastern coast of Greenland. When the sun returns, the ice [...] the formation and melting of sea ice affect the atmosphere and the ocean, and with them, the climate, in a variety of ways. The ice reflects the majority of incoming sunlight back into space. In contrast

improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence [...] climate change information is delivered, helping address the complex challenges of a warming world. As part of the EU’s Destination Earth initiative, the Climate DT produces multi-decadal, high-resolution climate [...] new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances

run down the continental slope towards the deep sea floor. The newly formed and well ventilated bottom water underrides, steered by bottom topography, the ACC to fill the deep basins of the world ocean. [...] downward to the deep ocean layers or to the sediment. This process is called the biological pump. Whether the Southern Ocean at large acts as a source or a sink of CO2 for the atmosphere depends on the balance [...] in the Southern Ocean is brought about by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) which, driven by strong westerly winds and the temperature differences between the subtropics and the icy Antarctic continent

and starboard of the ship. Depeding on the diving depth of the system and the speed of the ship, the winch can pay out up to 2500 m of cable with 60 m/min spooling speed. The winch is of the type "Mermac [...] stitut) The profile measurement distance or horizontal resolution of the topAWI system mainly depends on the measurement speed of the sensors and the shape of the undulation profile. Since the measuring [...] use of standard sensors and is only limited by the system properties of the "Triaxus" sensor carrier itself. The sensors can be mounted in free areas inside of the sensor carrier, as well as onto the extra

tal conditions of the future. This implies that we research the state of the Earth System over a time span of several tens of millions of years. While we employ a diverse approach, the following time scales [...] considering the properties of the climate of the past. We are able to reconstruct past climate changes from historical data collections or by evaluating documented observations. The history of Earth provides [...] climate change? This is one of research's central questions. To give a proper answer, we have to know the parameters of natural variability, e.g. the temperatures in oceans, above the continents and in polar

widen our perspective to the study of the Holocene. This geologic epoch represents the current interglacial after the end of the last glacial and the subsequent deglaciation. During the Holocene modern humans [...] continents, and in the cryosphere. The best way to ascertain the extent of past changes is through the inspection of historical time series of direct measurements or documentation of such environmental observations [...] prosperity of human populations. In order to properly address this question, we need quantitative information regarding the amplitude and rapidity of natural variations in the ocean, over the continents

ng signal. Moreover, the 5–10,000-yr intervals between the events are inconsistent with Milankovitch orbital periodicities, raising the question of what the ultimate cause of the postulated cooling may [...] not only in the region of the North Atlantic Ocean but also in remote areas such as the Pacific Ocean and the Antarctic. See: Heinrich, H.: Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast [...] planktonic foraminifera to the sediments, and short-lived, massive discharges of icebergs originating in eastern Canada. The path of the icebergs, clearly marked by the presence of ice-rafted detrital carbonate

Christian Stepanek The Pliocene is seen in many ways as a possible analogue of future warm climate states. The question of the characteristics and of the dynamics of the climate of the Pliocene thus becomes [...] climate states of the Pliocene, sensitivity studies are also taken into account. These allow a better understanding of the climate of the Pliocene in the context of the climate forcings of the future. This [...] regions in the form of prepared, printable graphics and maps as well as their raw data, the preparation of the basics and knowledge on the topic of sea ice as well as the current expert assessment of the sea

experience the same magmatic history? The fragmentation of the Manihiki Plateau poses the question, whether distinct phases of magmatic or tectonic processes led to the deformation of the Manihiki Plateau [...] suggested that the Ontong-Java Plateau was connected to the Manihiki Plateau at the Western Plateaus and drifted towards the west. Overview map of the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of the Manihiki Plateau [...] development of the Manihiki Plateau We try to unravel the relationship between the two largest sub-provinces of the Manihiki Plateau, the Western Plateaus and the High Plateau, which are separated by the Danger

hiatusses in the South Atlantic since the middle Miocene. The opening of Drake Passage in early Oligocene times and the closure of the CAS at ~6 Ma, i.e., tectonic processes, have been identified as the key triggers [...] emplacement of the plateau influence the climatic, oceanic environments, and Earth’s biota? What can we deduce about water mass changes during early stages of the plateau’s evolution? Did emplacement of the Agulhas [...] important driver of Cretaceous-Paleogene/Neogene climate changes in the Southern Ocean but the opening of gateways and subsequent migration of continents also has had a profound effect on the regional climate