deployment of Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) to measure the thermal structure of the upper 1.8 km of the water column. XBT probes were ‘fired’ during the second leg of the cruise when the vessel was [...] mixing at the surface decreases the oxygenation of the lower water masses. Additionally, it decreases the formation of central water, which is subducted from the thermocline. In the case of SACW, the formation [...] deoxygenation of the water mass. This can greatly impact the ventilation of the surrounding water body and the formation rate of the water mass itself. Consequences are the expansion and formation of oxygen minimum

from the shallow region of the English Channel to the Bay of Biscay, the region around the Ampère Seamount, the Cape Verde Islands and further stations in the South Atlantic up to Cape Town. The participants [...] gradually. In the morning of 10 November Polarstern entered the harbour of Las Palmas. The cruise leg PS95.2 started in the afternoon of the same day with the departure from Las Palmas towards the Cape Verde [...] lectures of the work carried out in the previous six days on the evening before and a teaching/learning period on the morning of the transfer where the outgoing groups taught the incoming students. The themes

AABW and AAIW north, the increase in NADW as we move north in the SW Atlantic and its reduction in the Eastern Basin of the Atlantic, and the appearance of MOW in the later part of the transect. Figure 5: [...] for the polar components of the climate system. Since 2009 he is the head of the Climate-Initiative REKLIM (Regional Climate Change) of the Helmholtz Association (HGF), in which nine centres of the HGF [...] leaving the ship, this will take the form of a short report detailing the pre-planning and execution on station of the CTD cast, the results they found and an interpretation of their findings in the context

topographic features of the study site such as the slightly more elevated region in the center of the study area reveal lower FDD. Furthermore, the exposed hillsides of5 the Brooks Range or the coastal zone are [...] pared to the neighboring ones. The Saganavirktok River does not show different FDD than the adjacent areas, despite of the valleys in the foothills of the Brooks Range. In Figure 7 the TDD for the same year [...] important for the performance of the SEB-scheme is the determination of the melt period. Figure 14 displays the melt period metrics for the sample year 2012. It displays the high spatial variation of snowmelt

landmass, sending up to 150 times the flow of all the world’s rivers clockwise around the frozen continent. It connects all the other oceans, and is thought to play a key role in regulating natural climate swings [...] Southern Ocean
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the planet’s most powerful and arguably most important. It is the only one to flow clear around the globe without getting diverted by any landmass [...] swings that have repeatedly swept the earth for millions of years. But much is still not known about how it works, including how it might now respond to human-induced climate change.

visited them in winter. We’ll be north of the 80 th parallel the entire time, and for much of it, we’ll even be in the direct vicinity of the North Pole, above the 87 th parallel. That’s so far north that [...] for other parts of the world. For the first time, we’ll repeat his expedition with a large and well-equipped research vessel. From the heart of the Central Arctic, we’ll be using the world’s top measuring [...] itut) What will the different phases of the expedition look like? In the Central Arctic there’s only the ocean, which is covered by a sheet of ice. And it’s that force of nature – the ice sheet – that

discuss, like the rights to the research data. Once the expedition is over, our goal is to share as much of the da- ta as possible with the entire world. Of course, we had to convince our partners of that plan [...] much faster than the rest of the world, and what the future holds – this is internation- ally recognised as one of the great- est problems facing humanity, and most certainly one of the most im- portant [...] ozone sonde. During the expe- dition, the sonde will be deployed once a week. The MOSAiC team on the shores of Ny-Ålesund following ocean survival training. At the time of the exercise the water temperature

handed to him. It goes without saying that the waters of the outer Arctic ice aren’t subject to the same pressure as in the inner ice, let alone the Central Arctic; the floe dimensions are on a different scale [...] planned" The German research icebreaker Polarstern has been drifting through the Arctic Ocean for a year since autumn 2019. Scientists from 20 nations explore the central Arctic over the course of the year [...] We had the advantage of being able to choose our preferred route into the northern ice. There were a number of techniques and analyses that helped us find the ideal position for entering the ice. What’s

and cakes in the library so that you can get a break. Introduction to the Helgoland time series The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland operates some of the oldest time series in the world. The phytoplankton [...] automatically. The scientific dive centre The AWI's scientific dive centre is one of the largest institutions of its kind in Europe. On BAH Open day you will have the opportunity to meet the scientific dive [...] analysed much more often that is the case in many other time series around the world. This facilitates a unique insight in the North Sea ecosystem but also means a lot of work on the ships as well as in our l

often described as the planet’s ‘green lungs’ because they produce tremendous amounts of oxygen. However, an even greater volume of the oxygen we breathe originates in the ocean. The algal communities living [...] Plankton: The foundation of life in the sea Biologist Prof. Dr Helmut Hillebrand, Professor at the University of Oldenburg and Director at HIFMB Oldenburg. HIFMB Biodiversity Ecological stability Ecosystem [...] there produce at least half of the gas that is vital for breathing and as such essential for human life. But climate change is altering the algal world in our seas: as a result of increasing water temperatures