the recent period of anthropogenic greenhouse warming and human-induced land use changes, and the next centuries, enables us to compare conditions under natural and anthropogenic conditions. Analysis of [...] focus on (1) the changing Arctic and Antarctic, (2) coasts affected and mediated by climatic and anthropogenic drivers, (3) lessons from the Earth’s past, and (4) a synthesis via the integration of the polar [...] research. PACES will provide insights on naturally driven Earth climate fluctuations and their anthropogenic perturbation and consequential effects and thus provides the basic scientific understanding for

focussing on (1) the changing Arctic and Antarctic, (2) coasts affected and mediated by climatic and anthropogenic drivers, (3) lessons from the Earth’s past, and (4) a synthesis via the integration of the polar [...] polar research. PACES provides insights on naturally driven Earth climate fluctuations and their anthropogenic perturbation and consequential effects and thus provides the basic scientific understanding for [...] role of climate for evolution, biogeography, and biodiversity To evaluate natural dynamics and anthropogenic impacts within coastal regions and define knowledge based management tools by Identifying key

strong interannual changes of the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 result in a strong variability of the biospheric uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in GRACE. Since this uptake is assumed in the model [...] decades to centuries). Any prediction of the future atmospheric CO2 burden in view of increasing anthropogenic emissions thus strongly relies on a quantitative understanding of the exchange processes between [...] simulations of all source-sink components of the global carbon cycle through the era of major anthropogenic disturbances (1940–present). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we first pro- vide

Levin (ingeborg.levin@iup.uni-heidelberg.de) 1 Introduction SF6 is an extremely stable mainly anthropogenic gas, having a very high global warming potential of 23 900 (Forster et al., 2007). Traces of SF6 [...] Busenberg, E. and Plummer, N. L.: Dating young groundwater with sulphur hexafluoride: Natural and anthropogenic sources of sul- phur hexafluoride, Water Resour. Res., 36(10), 3011–3030, 2000. Bönisch, H.,

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)

aerosol components (Wagenbach, 1996; Minikin et al., 1998; Preunkert et al., 2007). Nowadays, minor anthropogenic Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. crea [...] Geophys., 26, 89– 112, 1988. Shirsat, S. V. and Graf, H. F.: An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3397–3408,doi:10.5194/acp-9-3397-2009, 2009. Simpson

consist of anthropogenic sulphate par-in the year than in the Arctic. ticles (d’Almeida, 1991), indicating that at least in these cases ozone depletion may have occurred without anthropogenic contamination [...] Platt, 1995; Fan and Jacob, 1992). The influ- At the Koldewey-Station, ozone sondes were ence of anthropogenic pollutants like sulphate launched usually once a week and up to two times aerosols, which can [...] layers in the Arctic and Antarctic, some Antartica the Arctic is proned to massive intru- sions of anthropogenic emissions during polardistinct differences were revealed: In the Arctic the ozone depleted layers

studies showed highly decadal scale BC deposition variabil- ity during the last 150 yr, but an anthropogenic impact could not be assessed (Bisiaux et al., 2012a and b). In this paper we present an analysis [...] and consistent spring / early summer concentration maximum. Nevertheless, with- out much doubt anthropogenic combustion derived emis- sions will perpetually grow around and within continental Antarctica [...] R., and Jacob, D.: Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sul- phur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 2457–2465,doi:10.5194/acp-10-2457- 2010, 2010. Hansen

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)

growing anthropogenic source. Also no sig- nificant black carbon trend (continuously recorded at NM since 1999; Weller, unpublished results) could be detected. Thus, the role of anthropogenic emissions [...] AL. Antarctic ice cores in terms of the governing atmospheric signal is still disputed. Unlike anthropogenic impact, which seems only evident in nitrate records from Greenland ice cores (Legrand and Mayewski [...] the solar activity, (iv) strengthening of the polar vortex and PSC sedimentation, (v) growing anthropogenic NOx emissions from mid-southern lat- itudes and/or from Antarctic station activities and (vi)