Arctic Ocean
Tiny gypsum crystals can make phytoplankton so heavy that they rapidly sink, hereby transporting large quantities of carbon to the ocean’s depths. Experts from the Alfred Wegener Institute recently observed this phenomenon for the first time in the Arctic. As a result

Focus Arctic Pulse Antarctica InSync MOSAiC Expedition UN Decade of Ocean Science UN Plastics Treaty UN Ocean Treaty UN Climate Change Conference [...] Circulation in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas Southern Ocean - Overturning Circulation Ocean-Ice Shelf Interaction Southern Ocean climate interactions [...] Long-term observations in the Arctic Ocean Fram Strait Central Arctic Observing systems Long-Term Observations in the Southern Ocean Technology and Logistics Results

and vulnerable to future global warming. The potential of polar oceans and their marginal seas to amplify on a global scale warm climate conditions and sea level change through their temperature, sea [...] Establishment of sea surface temperature and sea ice records for the Arctic and Southern Ocean covering the MIS 5e warm interval.

Example of a sea ice model (Graphic: Alfred Wegener Institut) The Arctic areas - ocean even more than land - are difficult to reach, for several winter months not at all. Instruments must be able to work [...] compute the model forward in time". The area of interest- here the Arctic Ocean is overlaid with a three-dimensional grid. The geometry of this grid can be as simple or complicated as one likes. Numerical [...] Spelman, M. , Winton, M. and Zhang, R. (2005): Formulation of an ocean model for global climate simulations , Ocean Science, 1 , pp. 45-79 .

of variables that describe the state of the atmosphere, land, ocean and the cryosphere. Sea ice is listed as one of the 13 Essential Climate Variables and the aim of the sea ice CCI project group is [...] ice concentration sea ice thickness sea ice drift that include Arctic and Antarctic sea ice and the respective uncertainties. The data sets both parameters will consist of a merged multi-mission data [...] ERS-1, ERS-2, EnviSat and CryoSat-2 radar altimeter missions of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. The production of a time-series of Antarctic sea-ice thickness is based on a comparative study between radar

system, we can obtain “analysis fields”, which are a set of ocean and sea ice variables optimally combining observations and a model. The analysis fields are applied for a variety of ocean and sea ice studies in the Arctic Ocean, and also provide initial conditions for future projection experiments (e.g., sea ice outlook).We have been developed data [...] currently used to synthesize model results and observed data in the Arctic Ocean. The systems have been successfully applied to North Atlantic/Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Model (NAOSIM) developed at the Alfred

and the temporal variability in two permafrost regions along the Arctic Ocean. My study areas are the Lena Delta and Bykovsky Peninsula in Siberia, and a transect from Teshekpuk Lake to Toolik in Alaska [...] (Photo: Josefine Lenz) Global warming will continue to warm the Arctic resulting in the degradation of permafrost soils. This leads to large-scale ground subsidence. Vast regions of the Arctic are covered [...] Frank Günther Keywords: thermokarst dynamics, thaw subsidence, arctic coastal erosion, photogrammetry, remote sensing

Sea Ice Remote Sensing Map of Arctic sea ice thickness (April 2015) obtained from CryoSat-2 data (Graphic: Alfred Wegener Institut) Contact: Dr. Stefan Hendricks The inaccessibility and sheer size of sea ice covered regions in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans make satellite remote sensing the only tool that is able to obtain a full picture of sea ice conditions. The [...] based on a radar altimeter that fully maps Antarctic sea ice and Arctic sea ice up to a latitude of 88°N. This coverage is unparalleled in comparison with all previous and existing satellite altimeters

area into the Eurasian shelf seas. Ocean waters with salinities below the average salinity of the Arctic Ocean also contribute positively to the fresh water balance of the Arctic Ocean. Such waters flow in from the Nordic Seas. An interchange of waters between the Arctic and the Nordic seas results in in seasaw [...] transport and the relationship between fresh water storage in the Arctic Ocean and release of fresh water to the Nordic Seas in export events. The large scale consequences of such events for the oceanic

the SIPRE corer Exposed Holocene ice wedge at the shore of the Arctic Ocean Aerial view of the city of Kotzebue, Arctic Alaska Rainbow over the the Arctic tundra Old 'Welcome to Kotzebue' sign, Kotzebue