to make a joint effort to enclose the Arctic Ocean with hydrographic observation lines (Figure 1). A method to treat the Arctic as a single box bounded by hydrographic lines [...] understand the Arctic Ocean’s role on the carbonate system. Figure 2: Net oceanic and sea ice FW transport (m3s-1) time series. The transport estimate [...] of pan-Arctic mooring array monitor the major oceanic heat and FW exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and surrounding Oceans? (2) Where is the most

Long-term observations in the Arctic and Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean The Arctic is an environment where global climate change is strongly manifested. The Arctic Amplification, represented by the atmospheric warming trend in the Arctic being about three times that of the global average, is also manifested in sea-ice and… Find out more Southern Ocean The oceans are [...] to extract and store heat and CO2 from the atmosphere. Polar oceans are of particular Find out more

Seismology in (sub)polar oceans Contact Prof. Dr. Vera Schlindwein Seismology in stormy oceans In the stormy „Furious Fifties“ we succeeded for the first time to recover ocean bottom seismometers after a recording period of one year (expedition SWEAP of RV Polarstern). Reliable weather and sea state forecasts [...] 100% (Expedition PS137 of RV Polarstern). The data show that the Arctic Ocean offers good recording conditions for earthquakes due to the unprecedentedly low seismic noise. Test of the prototype ice-OBS

vertical profiles of water mass properties in the ice-covered oceans. The systems are moored on the ice and measure temperature, salinity, and pressure in the upper 800 to 1000 meters of the water [...] example, to study changes in the freshwater content of the upper Arctic Ocean, as in the NORTHATLANTIC project. Together with higher-precision data from ship-based expeditions, the data from these autonomous [...] measuring systems is coordinated through the International Arctic Buoy Programme. Contacts Dr. Benjamin Rabe +49(471)4831-2403 Benjamin Rabe@awi. Dr. Mario Hoppmann +49(471)4831-2907 Mario.Hoppmann

Circulation in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas The Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas are integral parts of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation [...] and water masses of both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, which form the Arctic Mediterranean north of the Greenland Scotland Ridge. The reduction of the Arctic [...] Scotland Ridge, which closes the cyclonic circulation through the Arctic Mediterranean. The Arctic Ocean freshwater budget The Arctic Ocean freshwater budget A particular feature of the Arctic Ocean is

GROCE - Greenland Ice Sheet Ocean Interaction Investigation of the Interactions Between the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Surrounding Ocean The joint research project GROCE ( Greenland Ice Sheet Ocean Interaction ) is a research initiative funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, involving eight German [...] achieve this, the interactions connecting the North Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and Greenland's glaciers need to be studied in greater detail. More information can be found on the project's website.

century hydrographic measurements have been carried out in the Arctic Ocean. Although today the Arctic is a hotspot of climate change, data sampling is still sparse due to the large sea ice cover. Yet both the historical and the… Find out more ARCGATE The Arctic boundary has been observed over many years to better understand and monitor the exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and its neighboring oceans. The unique geometry of the Arctic—surrounded by the land masses of North America, Greenland and… Find out more Arctic Long-term

Main Research Topics Physical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas are integral parts of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, and hence key [...] for the global climate. The perennial sea ice cover makes the Arctic Ocean distinct from subarctic oceans – the presence of… Find out more PhytoOptics Analytical bio-optical techniques are applied to [...] the attribution of… Find out more Long-term Observations in the Arctic Ocean The Arctic is an environment where global climate change is strongly manifested. The Arctic Amplification, represented by the

Cruise report Programme Weekly reports Data PS87 | ARK-XXVIII/4 | Arctic Ocean, Central Basin Start: 2014-08-05, Tromsö End: 2014-10-08, Bremerhaven Chief Scientist: R. Stein Cruise report Programme Weekly [...] Cruise report Programme Weekly reports Data PS72 | ARK-XXIII/3 | Arctic Ocean Start: 2008-08-12, Reykjavik End: 2008-10-17, Bremerhaven Chief Scientist: W. Jokat Cruise report Programme Weekly reports

the following: What are the reasons for the dramatic changes in Arctic sea ice during the last decades? Why is the development of sea ice in the Antarctic so different to the Arctic and shows strong [...] How does snow on sea ice influence the observed variability of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice? How do variations in melt and freeze rates impact the ocean and the atmosphere in the Arctic and Antarctic? [...] the environment by increasing commercial activities of the polar ocean due to Arctic sea ice retreat? We apply, improve, and develop various methods to study sea ice and snow processes in both hemispheres