causes and consequences of sea ice melt in three contrasting sea-ice regimes as functions of atmospheric and oceanographic conditions: 1) seasonal sea ice, mostly originating from Russian shelf regions and [...] observed sea ice, ocean, and ecosystem changes in the Central Arctic Ocean during melt season. We will investigate the causes and consequences of differences in sea ice melt in three contrasting sea-ice e [...] ice zone 2) first- and second year sea ice from the central Arctic Ocean, drifting along the transpolar drift system, and 3) multi-year ice in the “last ice area” north of Greenland. The overall objective