Frank Oliver Glöckner Challenges in Marine 'Omics: Lessons from Ocean Sampling Day The Ocean Sampling Day (OSD) was initiated by the EU “Ocean of Tomorrow” project Micro B3 (Marine Microbial Biodiversity [...] transfer of energy and recycling of matter in marine food webs. Climate change (e.g., ocean warming, acidification, changes in hydrography, etc.) is expected to have severe impacts on marine biodiversity [...] Prof Chris Bowler and the TARA Oceans consortium Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, FRANCE Tara Oceans: Eco-Systems Biology at Planetary

Stefan Hendricks) The Arctic Ocean Unlike at the southern tip of the planet, in the High North there is no continent, only an ocean. These waters, also known as the Arctic Ocean, extend to the northern coasts [...] Arctic Ocean is the smallest in the world. Moreover, it’s not particularly deep: just 987 metres on average, though 5,669 metres at its deepest point. Its only deep-sea connection to other oceans lies in [...] freshwater is flowing into the Arctic Ocean. This freshwater lies like a lid atop the deeper, saltier water layers. As a result, fewer nutrients from the ocean’s depths rise to the surface, while less

2013). Besides water temperature increase, expanding ocean acidification will pose another threat to pelagic and benthic life in the Arctic Ocean (e.g. Bates et al., 2009; Lischka & Riebesell, 2012; AMAP [...] Changing Arctic Ocean) focusses on the plankton community and the microbial processes relevant for biogeochemical cycles of the Arctic Ocean. This research focus is acknowledging that the Arctic Ocean has gained [...] In addition, the chemical equilibrium and the elemental cycling in the surface ocean will alter due to ocean acidification. These environmental changes will have consequences for the biogeochemistry and

we do about the ocean depths. Yet the deep sea is not a habitat fully separated from the surface; it is already undergoing dramatic changes in response to warmer water, ocean acidification and environmental [...] the so-called mid-oceanic ridges – volcanically active mountain chains that usually extend one to three kilometres above the seafloor and can be found in all (of) the world’s oceans. With a total length [...] standards. For another, food is harder to come by. The central Arctic Ocean is largely covered with ice and – unlike the Antarctic’s Southern Ocean – surrounded by landmasses. Exchanges with the Atlantic and Pacific

biogeochemical processes within the Arctic Ocean, as well as how these are linked to the Atlantic Ocean, to predict upcoming changes in global ocean circulation, ocean productivity, and the consequences for [...] Greenland, the Arctic Ocean lies completely within the Arctic Circle (~66,5°N) and is the smallest of the 5 oceans on our planet. With an area of 14 million square kilometres, the Arctic Ocean also includes large [...] Strait, the only deep-sea connection between Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. Photo: AWI/ Mario Hoppmann Map of the Arctic Ocean Map of the Arctic Ocean. The extremely low sea ice extent in September 2012 is shown

biogeochemical processes within the Arctic Ocean, as well as how these are linked to the Atlantic Ocean, to predict upcoming changes in global ocean circulation, ocean productivity, and the consequences for [...] Greenland, the Arctic Ocean lies completely within the Arctic Circle (~66,5°N) and is the smallest of the 5 oceans on our planet. With an area of 14 million square kilometres, the Arctic Ocean also includes large [...] Strait, the only deep-sea connection between Arctic and Atlantic Ocean. Photo: AWI/ Mario Hoppmann Map of the Arctic Ocean Map of the Arctic Ocean. The extremely low sea ice extent in September 2012 is shown

atmosphere and ocean circulation that may affect the uptake of CO2 by the Southern Ocean. The ocean- shelf-ice interactions in a warming world, the release of freshwater and its impact on ocean circulation [...] carbon budgets. Climate change affecting marine ecosystems includes current trends of ocean warming and of ocean acidification due to CO2 accumulation rates 100 times higher than in glacial to interglacial periods [...] While the Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global climate system, it is vice versa likely affected by anthropogenic impacts such as global warming and ocean acidification. Complex physical

pool (38,000 Pg of carbon) in the ocean, and plays a key role in the solubility pump; it is therefore of relevance to both ocean carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification. While recognising the importance [...] player in the global carbon cycle. Ocean colour is also used to study export production: the fraction of primary production that is transported to the deep ocean. Ocean-colour data are also being used i [...] Other applications include studies of cross-domain fluxes and interactions: ocean-atmosphere and land-ocean fluxes of carbon, ocean-cryosphere interactions and climate impact on the polar ecosystems. It must

pool (38,000 Pg of carbon) in the ocean, and plays a key role in the solubility pump; it is therefore of relevance to both ocean carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification. While recognising the importance [...] player in the global carbon cycle. Ocean colour is also used to study export production: the fraction of primary production that is transported to the deep ocean. Ocean-colour data are also being used i [...] Other applications include studies of cross-domain fluxes and interactions: ocean-atmosphere and land-ocean fluxes of carbon, ocean-cryosphere interactions and climate impact on the polar ecosystems. It must

implementation of sustained observations in both the Arctic and Southern oceans and the development of a truly novel finite-element ocean model. AWI is in the unique position to make the long-term commitments [...] has generated novel insights into the role of the biological pump in climate control. AWI ocean acidification research is world class, as also reflected by top-ranking publications, and innovative experimental [...] permafrost and carbon turnover in the coastal, shelf and deep sea environment WP 6: Ocean warming and acidification: organisms and their changing role in marine ecosystems Topic 2: Coastal change WP 1: